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CHU Xiaohuan, YANG Guoping, FU Boxin, ZHANG Peng, WU Weibing, LI Ye
2026(3):1-9
Abstract:
The navigable channel width calculation in JTS 165-2013 Design Code for General Layout for Sea Ports does not cover the values of wind and current drift angles γ and the ship drift factor n under conditions where cross-current exceeds 1.0 m/s and crosswind exceeds Force 7.A study is conducted on the concept and calculation of γ.The relationship between n and γ is fitted,and a theoretical model for determining γ by inputting wind speed and current velocity is built.Calculations are performed for typical representative ship types,and the results are compared and validated against ship maneuvering simulator tests and existing code values.This demonstrated the accuracy and legitimacy of the theoretical model for calculating γ.The influencing factors and variation patterns of γ are analyzed.Building on the existing code,the values for γ and n are extended and refined for conditions where velocity of cross-current is 1.0(not included)-1.5 m/s and crosswind is Force 7(not included)-9.The relevant findings have been incorporated into JTS 165-2025 Design Code for General Layout for Sea Ports,providing guidance and reference for the design and calculation of navigation channels in coastal ports.
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YANG Sentang, LIU Jie, DING Qingyu, ZHENG Hua
2026(3):10-18
Abstract:
The sea-reaching section of the Pinglu Canal Project spans from Qinzhou Bay to Qingnian Hub,experiencing intense saltwater intrusion under tidal processes.With intensified global climate change,the impact of strong winds on the exchange of salt-fresh water in estuaries is becoming increasingly significant,which has adverse effects on the water abstraction for adjacent farmlands and the anti-corrosion of ship locks.Therefore,it is necessary to study the impact mechanism of saltwater intrusion in the Qinjiang River Estuary under strong wind conditions.Considering the channel excavation scale and hub operation mode of the Pinglu Canal Project,a large-scale three-dimensional numerical model of Qinzhou Bay-Maowei Sea-Qingnian Hub is developed to investigate the effects of flow field,salinity distribution,saltwater intrusion distance,and salt flux in the Qinjiang River Estuary under strong winds.Results show that when wind direction aligns with the tidal motion,wind stress increases surface flow velocity and decreases bottom flow velocity.When opposing,it decreases surface flow velocity and increases bottom flow velocity.Wind stress significantly promotes intrusion of high-salinity water,with the 19‰ isohaline advancing up to 3.1 km.During neap tide,wind stress effectively suppresses salinity stratification.The maximum saltwater intrusion distance increases by 2.08 km.The maximum increase in the landward salt flux is 11.53%,and the maximum decrease in the seaward salt flux is 10.61%.
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LI Yaqiong, JIANG Muchun, ZHU Chunchun
2026(3):19-26
Abstract:
To the lack of basic surveying and mapping data and incomplete technical system in unfamiliar and complex terrain and hydrological environments for large-scale overseas port and waterway construction projects,a systematic research and practice of surveying and mapping technology is carried out using the terminal and waterway project in Indonesia Tonga Industrial Park(including inland rivers,bays,and marine composite waters)as an example.This project needs to address technical challenges such as the lack of surveying benchmarks in tropical rainforest coverage areas,unknown underwater terrain,complex tidal and current characteristics,and unclear sediment distribution.By innovatively integrating GNSS（global navigation satellite system） static measurement,multibeam depth measurement,side scan sonar,tidal level harmonic analysis,six point tidal current observation,and joint granularity analysis technology,a comprehensive surveying system covering plane and elevation benchmarks,underwater terrain,hydrological dynamics,and sediment characteristics has been constructed.The technical system proposed in this study has overcome the problem of lack of surveying and mapping data in overseas complex waters,and achieved multi element collaborative surveying and mapping in the tropical rainforest bay strait composite area,which can provide a standardized technical paradigm for similar port projects along the “the Belt and Road”,and promote the deepening application of intelligent unmanned surveying and mapping equipment in overseas projects.
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2026(3):27-35
Abstract:
Under the “dual carbon” goals,shore power utilization by ships at berth has become a key measure to advance the green and low-carbon transformation of Yangtze River shipping.However,research on safety risk control technologies for shore power equipment and facilities remains relatively scarce.To address the challenge of ensuring the safe and stable operation of unattended anchorage shore power systems under large water level fluctuations,nine risk factors affecting the operational safety of such systems are analyzed through a combination of literature review and expert interviews.A safety risk analysis model based on the DEMATEL-ISM model is established,which identifies the reliability of intelligent perception information as the core influencing factor,shore power equipment damage and network security as critical transmission factors,the external environment as the underlying factor,and management and maintenance vulnerabilities as the superficial factors.On this basis,multi-dimensional safety control technologies covering multi-source information fusion,equipment fault diagnosis,secure communication,environmental monitoring and system operation and maintenance are proposed,providing an effective solution for the safe and stable operation of such systems.This has positive significance for promoting the unmanned and intelligent development of shore power facilities.
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2026(3):36-42
Abstract:
With the continuous advancement of green port construction,management requirements for coastal wetland protection and intensive sea use are becoming increasingly stringent at the national level,the systematic integration of the ecological sea use concept into port planning remains inadequate.In view of above problems,we explore the integration of the ecological sea use concept throughout the entire process of port planning and construction,proposes its active incorporation into key aspects of overall port planning such as spatial selection,overall layout planning,and coordination of construction environmental factors.Taking the Dongjiakou port area of the Qingdao Port master plan as an example,we focus on applying the ecological sea use concept during the port planning stage while ensuring the rationality of the port area plan and meeting development needs.Key measures include avoiding environmentally sensitive areas,implementing land-sea coordination and intensive sea use strategies,and optimizing the design of the port area layout,tidal channels,and ecological revetment structures.These efforts aim to achieve a balance between development and ecological conservation.
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ZHANG Yifan, FU Boxin, ZHANG Peng, XU Wenyan, CHEN Dong
2026(3):43-48
Abstract:
Aiming at the safety risks of mooring line breakage and excessive vessel motions induced by eccentric berthing due to the dense layout of loading arms at oil and gas chemical terminals,this study takes a specific oil and gas chemical terminal in Ningbo as an engineering case to conduct an eccentric berthing response analysis.Based on the OPTIMOOR mooring analysis software,simulations are carried out for ship types of 150,000,50,000,and 5,000 DWT under the working conditions of full load at design low water level and ballast at design high water level,so as to examine the response laws of mooring line forces and vessel motion quantity at different eccentric berthing positions.The results show that the mooring line forces of the three ship types are all lower than the design breaking strength,the longitudinal displacement increases significantly when the vessel drifts to the right.Specifically,the 150,000 DWT vessel in ballast condition exceeds the limit at a right drift distance of 10.5 m,the 50,000 DWT vessel exceeds the limit when its right drift distance exceeds 8.4 m in full load condition and 4.2 m in ballast condition,and the 5,000 DWT vessel in full load condition at 2#-4 berth reaches the critical state at a right drift distance of 3.75 m.All transverse displacements are within the 2.0 m limit.The study indicates that ship dimensions and drift distance are the key factors leading to the attenuation of mooring restraint effects.On this basis,measures such as adjusting mooring bollard positions and optimizing mooring line configurations are proposed to enhance longitudinal restraint capacity,which can provide theoretical basis and technical reference for the design of similar terminals.
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2026(3):49-56
Abstract:
To the various requirements of berths 8-15 in Luoyu operation area,such as the realization of the functions of each berth,the interconnectivity of the bulk cargo storage yard in the entire port area,the free dispatching and transfer of materials,and the meeting of integrated operation requirements.This study relies on the engineering of berths 11-12 in the Luoyu operation area to sort out and analyze the overall land layout and process plan of berths 8-15 in the Luoyu operation area.It is proposed to add a connecting belt along the back edge of berths 11-15 as the back edge channel for interconnectivity between the north and south areas.The corresponding yard bucket wheel lines adopt a unidirectional flow system,and the bulk cargo unloading or connection entry process and the bulk cargo loading (vehicle) process are independent of each other.Meanwhile,the traditional inbound handling system is optimized from the traditional “multiple short conveyors+multi-stage lifting + electric three-way trippers” to “long-distance conveyor + single-stage lifting+traveling shuttle conveyor”.This scheme has the advantages of reasonable overall layout,complete functions,simple and efficient process flow,high system fault tolerance,low operating energy consumption,and safer and more convenient use,which can provide reference for similar projects.
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2026(3):57-64
Abstract:
Cargoes loaded and unloaded at the liquid bulk terminal are mostly flammable,toxic and corrosive.Liquid bulk terminals are typically equipped with dozens of pipes,which are arranged on pipe racks above hydraulic structures.The pipe span,which refers to the spacing between pipe racks,is closely related to the safety of pipe laying and the structural of the scheme of the terminal structure.Currently,the terminal pipe span calculation mainly rely on methods related to the petrochemical industry.However,due to significant differences in application scenarios,the calculation results often deviate greatly from the actual operating conditions of the terminal,leading to investment waste or potential safety hazards.To solve above issues,various basic pipe span models are established based on the three-moment equation.Through comparison and analysis,the five-equal span pipe model is selected as the basic model for terminal pipe span calculation.Meanwhile,adaptive research is conducted on key calculation parameters of pipe spans in combination with characteristics of terminal pipes.Based on above research,this paper propose an improved calculation method for pipe spans which suitable for liquid bulk terminal.Compared with the calculation results under multiple conditions using common methods in the petrochemical industry,the improved calculation method can improve the performance utilization rate of pipe while ensuring the safety of pipe.It can increase the maximum allowable pipe span by 6.22%-14.01%,effectively reduce the number of pipe racks and bents,and save investment in terminal engineering,especially for long-distance pipe gallery on water.
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WANG Jianping, SHEN Qi, WANG Youming, QI Dingman
2026(3):65-74
Abstract:
The deep-water channel at north passage of the Yangtze Estuary serves as the exclusive waterway for heavily laden large vessels accessing Shanghai Port and ports along the Yangtze River.In view of the frequent loss of control of large inbound vessels at the eastern end of the North Passage,a three-dimensional tidal current numerical simulation method is adopted to analyze the hydrodynamic causes for the loss of control of large inbound vessels.The results indicate that the sudden increase in cross-currents at the navigational channel caused by tidal reversal and the constraints of local construction boundary is one of the main reasons for the vessel loss of control at the eastern end of the North Passage.During the flood-to-ebb transition period,the ebb current that first starts ebbing at the South Passage Estuary flows around the head of the South Dike and impinges on the channel of North Passage,resulting in a sudden increase in the cross-current in the eastern end of the North Passage.During the ebb-to-flood transition period,the flood current-currents around the head of the North Dike into the North Passage,leading to an increase in the cross-current in the waterway at the eastern end of the North Passage.Recently,the Extension Project of Hengsha Avenue may further intensify cross-current effects at the eastern end of the North Passage during the the ebb-to-flood transition period,which needs to be taken seriously.The above research results provide research support for ensuring the navigation safety of the North Passage and offer a reference for promoting the application of numerical simulation technology in navigation safety management.
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XU Linwan, ZHANG Taotao, XIAO Yang, WU Yuze, LIU Zihan, TIAN Shuai
2026(3):75-82
Abstract:
To analyse the impact of the ecological protection project construction of Qiujiazhou on the channel navigable flow conditions in the Ganjiang River,this paper establishes a two-dimensional hydrodynamic mathematical model of the tail reaches of Ganjiang River based on TELEMAC software.The calibration is verified through measured hydrological data,and the hydrodynamic process before and after the implementation of the project is simulated under five typical working conditions.The influence of the project construction on the hydrodynamic and navigable flow conditions of the Qiujiazhou section of the river is analyzed.The results show that after the implementation of the project,the overall flow pattern of the river section is stable,with no significant changes compared with before the project,and no adverse flow conditions such as obvious backflow occurred.The maximum flow velocity decreased from 2.1 m/s to 2.0 m/s,a decrease of about 4.67%.The variation of flow velocity shows spatial differences,among which the flow velocity in the vicinity of Laoguanzhou increases due to dredging under the condition of floodplain water flow,with a maximum increase of about 0.1 m/s,and the increase weakens with the increase of flow rate.Before and after the project,the maximum longitudinal flow velocity of the channel is lower than 2.0 m/s,and the maximum transverse flow velocity of individual sections is slightly higher than 0.5 m/s under the high flow condition.The implementation of the project has a limited impact on the navigable flow conditions of the channel and will not have obvious adverse effects.The study can provide scientific support for the safe operation and maintenance of Ganjiang River waterway.
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FU Xuhui, FU Qiang, ZHANG Bo, LI Yufeng
2026(3):83-90
Abstract:
Taking the Wulong Yinpan Pumped Storage Power Station as the study object,this research investigates the influencing factors and differences on navigation safety under different working conditions of the pumped storage power station.Using a 1:50 scale hydraulic model,combined with acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) methods,the flow characteristics at the inlet/outlet and downstream river sections are quantified.The results show that under low-flow conditions with the inlet/outlet operating at full capacity,the flow velocity in the main navigation channel increases significantly by 30%-100%,though the overall velocity remains below 0.25 m/s.During high-flow flood conditions,the topographic changes induced by the inlet/outlet structure are the primary cause of adverse navigational flow patterns.The slope formed by platform excavation at the intake/outlet creates pronounced lateral deflection flow,generating a maximum transverse velocity of 0.30 m/s,with its influence extending up to 21 m into the river channel.Additionally,a large-scale backflow zone of 29-43 m(backflow velocities exceeding 0.20 m/s)is formed downstream of the slope.Based on the research results,it is recommended that subsequent engineering optimizations focus on smoothing the platform topography to ensure gradual flow smoothly transition.The research results can provide technical references for navigation safety assessments of pumped storage power stations in similar mountainous river channels.
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2026(3):91-100
Abstract:
The Yibin-Jiangjin reach of the upper Yangtze River navigation channel is impacted by the operation of the Xiangjiaba Dam and unregulated sand mining activities.Although there is a unified understanding of unilateral changes in inflow variation,daily regulation effects,and topographic changes,there is a lack of research on the comprehensive impact of water level,especially the dry season water level that affects the smooth operation of the channel,and a lack of overall understanding of the change trend of low-water level.By analyzing the water level data from Zhutuo hydrological station and comparing the water level and flow rate relationships along the main waterway,this study reveals low-water level variations in the Yibin-Jiangjin reach since the impoundment of Xiangjiaba.Pre-2015 (Yibin section in 2014)：Low-water levels increased synchronously with rising dry-season discharges.2015-2020：Significant reduction in low-water levels occurred under equivalent discharges;while minimum discharges fluctuated moderately,minimum water levels exhibited an overall declining trend.Post-2020：Both dry-season discharges and water levels tend to stabilize.Before and after impoundment in Xiangjiaba,as of 2024,the water level of the excellent river section with a guaranteed rate of 98% over the years has slightly increased,and the Zhutuo Station has increased by 0.21 m.The minimum water level is basically the same as pre-impoundment conditions.In typical shoal sections (Guanyinbei,Zhengjialiang,Huanggan),low-water levels decreased substantially,with cumulative reductions of 0.60-0.84 m (at discharge of 2,900 m3/s).Water levels frequently fell below the navigation reference plane,indicating deteriorating channel conditions.The analysis demonstrates that anthropogenic riverbed morphological changes have largely offset the benefits of increased flow.These findings provide critical references for channel maintenance and management strategies.
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Analysis methodology of standard for foundation pit excavation limits in ship lock chamber expansion
2026(3):101-108
Abstract:
In view of the issue of lacking clear standards for the foundation pit excavation limits of ship lock chamber expansions and the safety of existing ship locks being affected by adjacent expansion construction,an analysis method for finite soil on the basis of rupture surface characteristics is proposed to quantitatively define the critical control parameters for foundation pit excavation.Through generalized centrifuge physical model tests,the deformation mechanisms of the soil behind the wall and the distribution rules of earth pressure under different width-depth ratios are systematically analyzed.The critical width-depth ratio between semi-infinite and finite soil conditions is identified as k=0.75.When k≤0.75,the earth pressure distribution deviates significantly from the classical Coulomb theory.The active earth pressure coefficient decreases by 18%-35%,and the inclination angle of the slip surface increases until constrained by the fixed boundary.This method is applied to an actual second-line ship lock project.The schemes with 90 and 100 m centerline spacings (corresponding to width-depth ratios of 0.367 and 0.852,respectively) are compared,and validated by nonlinear finite element simulation and field monitoring.The results show that under the 90 m scheme,tensile stress appeares at the base of the existing ship lock wall,whereas under the 100 m scheme,all base stresses are compressive,with displacement reduced by 21.4%.The proposed analysis method and excavation limits control standard can provide a theoretical basis for revising relevant specifications and serve as a reference for similar projects.
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2026(3):109-115
Abstract:
In view of the issues of low prediction accuracy for structural response and inefficient safety warning during the construction of ship lock heads on soft soil foundations,a prediction method for the structural response of the lock head slab under multi-factor coupling effects is investigated.Utilizing an actual ship lock head project as a case study,a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) and the response surface methodology (RSM) are employed to analyze the influence mechanisms of relevant factors on the structural response indicators of the lock head floor slab.A predictive equation for the load-induced response of the lock head floor slab is established,and its prediction accuracy is evaluated.The results indicate that the influencing factors significantly affect the structural response of the lock head slab primarily by governing the composite foundation strength,coordinated deformation,load redistribution,and pile-soil interaction mechanism.The predicted results generally align with those from FEM calculations in terms of variation patterns,with prediction errors controlled within 5%.The RSM-based prediction method achieves high accuracy and can effectively predict the structural response indicators of the lock head floor slab on soft soil foundations during the construction phase.
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2026(3):116-122
Abstract:
In response to the issues of large intersection angles between the centerlines of the upstream and downstream approach channels of the newly-built ship lock at the Jinjiang Yaoshan Hub and the river course,together with narrow river channels and short transitions,an experimental study on the optimization of the ship lock layout scheme is conducted by means of ship lock navigable flow condition tests and self-propelled ship model tests,and targeted measures for improving the flow conditions are proposed.The test results indicate that the adoption of permeable flow-isolating dykes in the upstream reach can enhance flow permeability,balance the velocity difference between the approach channel and the main navigation channel,and reduce the flow velocity gradient.After optimizing the length and height of the separation dike,the direct scouring impact of the mainstream on the lock entrance area is mitigated,and the adverse flow patterns such as cross-currents and backflows in the entrance area of the approach channel are effectively attenuated.In the downstream reach,adjusting the riverbed slope can improve the tailwater flow pattern,while connecting the downstream channel to the dredged zone for additional energy dissipation can buffer the downward-discharging flow.These combined measures effectively improve the navigable flow conditions of the Yaoshan ship lock,providing a technical reference for the layout design of ship locks in S-shaped curved river reaches.Ship model tests show that when the maximum navigable discharge is 160 m3/s, ships can maintain stable heading while passing through the entrance areas of the upstream and downtream approach channels and the transition sections.Parameters such as rudder angle and drift distance all meet the standards,ensuring reliable navigation safety.
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2026(3):123-129
Abstract:
The designed lowest navigable water level is an important technical parameter to determine the navigable conditions of the waterway in dry season and ensure the navigation safety of ships.It should be adjusted in time according to the changes of hydrological conditions of the river waterway.Based on the observation data of Nanjing water level station from 1986 to 2024,this paper studies the relationship between the multi-year monthly average water level variation and the multi-year average tidal range in the Nanjing section of Yangtze River main trunk,and demonstrates the tidal reach attribute of the Nanjing section.By employing the comprehensive duration curve method and the assurance rate frequency method for separate derivation and comparison,the designed lowest navigable water level is obtained.The research shows that the Nanjing section belongs to the perennial runoff section of the tidal waters of inland rivers and the water level in Nanjing is mainly affected by runoff.Taking the relatively low comprehensive duration curve method calculation value of 0.55 m as the designed lowest navigable water level,is in line with the recent improvement of waterway conditions and conducive to enhancing the capacity of the waterway during the dry season,meeting the needs of the economy and society development along the Yangtze River to fully utilize the endowment of waterway resources and promote cost reduction and quality improvement of transportation and logistics.The research results provide a reference basis for waterway maintenance of the Nanjing section and the design of related engineering projects.
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LEI Pan, LI Lei, XU Yunhui, TIAN Jiaqing
2026(3):130-136
Abstract:
To maximize the utilization efficiency of ship lock maintenance funds and ensure that ship locks are maintained in sound technical condition,a scientific decision-making indicator system for the maintenance of inland waterway ship locks in Jiangsu Province is established based on the practical experience of construction,inspection and maintenance of inland waterway ship locks in the region.Specifically,12 primary indicators and 49 secondary indicators for the scientific decision-making of inland waterway ship locks maintenance in Jiangsu Province are screened and defined explicitly.Based on the results of questionnaire surveys,the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is adopted to comprehensively determine the weights of these indicators.On the basis of JTS 320-2-2018 Technical Specifications for Maintenance of Navigation Structures,the evaluation criteria of the indicators are optimized,with a focus on refining the quantitative descriptions of the technical status at all levels for the 49 secondary indicators.Furthermore,an innovative method for assessing the technical condition of ship locks is proposed,which integrates the “four-level single-item control indicators” with “hierarchical comprehensive evaluation”.This method provides a decision-making tool for the scientific formulation of annual maintenance plans for inland waterway ship locks in Jiangsu Province.Taking Xietai No.1 Ship Lock as a case study,the established scientific decision-making index system for ship lock maintenance is applied to grade the technical status of the ship lock based on its comprehensive inspection results in 2024.The outcomes are consistent with the inspection findings,which demonstrates that the index system has strong operability and can serve as a valuable reference for other provinces in conducting scientific decision-making regarding ship lock maintenance.
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LI Ruo, MA Ye, WANG Quanquan, DA Xiannan, YAN Siqi
2026(3):137-143
Abstract:
Aiming at the problem of deviation between the navigation state and the ideal state during the autonomous collision avoidance process of inland waterway vessels,a BAS algorithm based autonomous collision avoidance optimization method for the navigation route of inland waterway vessels is studied.By determining the relative speed and heading angle status of the vessel,the dynamic driving risk level is determined and the vessel position isupdated.By using the BAS algorithm to compare fitness states,the pheromone matrix is updated to determine the historical optimal target value.Using Ackley/Rosenbrock functions for decision search,generating autonomous collision avoidance decisions under finite state machine,and completing autonomous collision avoidance optimization of inland waterway vessel travel routes.The experimental results show that the collision avoidance path planned by this method can always maintain a safe distance of more than 70 m from dynamic and static obstacles,with an average reduction of about 15% in rudder angle adjustment amplitude and an improvement of about 20% in heading stability.It successfully avoid collisions in all test scenarios,and the ship can quickly return to the ideal route after collision avoidance.The proposed method significantly improves the autonomy,safety,and stability of collision avoidance decision-making for inland vessels,and can provide an effective technical approach for autonomous navigation in inland rivers.
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PAN Meiyuan, ZHANG Suya, WEI Guozheng
2026(3):144-152
Abstract:
The Tiaoguan Waterway in the lower Jingjiang River has the typical evolutionary characteristic of “concave bank deposition and convex bank erosion” in meandering river segments,causing the progressively tightening bend radius and increasing navigational risks in the curved channel section.On the basis of measured topographic data of the Tiaoguan Waterway from 2002 to 2021,the evolutionary patterns and navigation-impeding characteristics of the waterway are systematically analyzed,and future trends are predicted.The treatment measures are proposed involving the stabilization of the Jijiazui Point Bar,and are verified by model test.The results indicate that the middle and upper sections of the Jijiazui Point Bar on the convex bank experience erosion,while the lower section undergoes deposition and downstream extension,leading to reduced stability of the channel and bar.On the concave bank,the development of mid-channel bars and flow division into two channels,coupled with the deposition and downstream extension of the convex bank,exacerbates the tightening bend radius in the curved section.Additionally,turbulent flow near the Tiaoguan Jetty and the recirculation zone at the tail of the Jijiazui Point Bar further deteriorate navigational conditions.The treatment measures involving the stabilization of the Jijiazui Point Bar by constructing three submerged dikes spaced along the bar and protecting the high beach shoreline at the root of the bar can promote a smooth channel-bar morphology,stabilize the left boundary of the curved channel,inhibit the formation and development of chute channels at the root,and effectively improve channel width and bend radius,meeting the design standards of 4.5 m×200 m×1,050 m (depth×width×bend radius).
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HU Fei, FAN Hongxia, XU Hui, CHENG Yang, SHEN Baogen
2026(3):153-161
Abstract:
The Xin’an River tourist channel is located in a river with rapids and fast currents,and significant water level variations,posing difficulties in determining the highest navigable water level as a key design parameter for the channel.To address this problem,a hydrodynamic mathematical model of a long river section with multiple hydro projects is established on the basis of measured data.According to the flow conditions for safe navigation of ships,the maximum navigable discharge of the channel is first determined:bounded by the deep channel at the perennial backwater end of the Xin’an River Reservoir,the upper part corresponds to an incoming discharge of 600 m3/s at Tunxi Station,with a corresponding flow assurance rate of 3.33%,and the lower part corresponds to a 3-year return period discharge at Tunxi Station.Considering the joint operation of hydro projects,the maximum navigable water levels along the route are calculated through a mathematical model and provided in sections:from the downstream of the Hubian hub dam to the upstream of the Zhelin hub dam,from the upstream of the Zhelin hub dam to the downstream,from the downstream of the Zhelin hub dam to the upstream of the Meitan hub dam,and from the upstream of the Meitan hub dam to the downstream,respectively,are 117.6,116.4,111.3,108.4,105.1,108.55 m.The annual effective navigation assurance rates for the channels above and below the deep channel are 91.67% (with 3.33% and 5% losses at high and low water levels,respectively) and 95% (with only a 5% loss due to low water levels).
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2026(3):162-169
Abstract:
To address the navigation channel deterioration in Jiangxinzhou-Wuhe reach of the lower Yangtze River prior to the phase II regulation project,manifested as narrowing of the navigation channel in the Jiangxinzhou central bar transition section,decreased flow diversion ratio accompanied by deep channel siltation in the Xiaohuangzhou transition section,continuous narrowing of the channel width,and reduced bend radius,a waterway regulation project was implemented to enhance the channel dimensions and curb the adverse developmental trend from 2019 to 2022.Based on hydrological observations and topographic survey data,this study quantitatively analyzed the effectiveness of the phase II regulation project by systematically comparing hydrodynamic conditions,riverbed morphological evolution characteristics,and navigation parameters before and after the project implementation.The results indicate that the project effectively protected key bars,contributing to the stabilization of the bar-channel pattern;successfully curbed the unfavorable trend of the main flow shifting to the right in the central bar transition section and the decreasing flow diversion ratio in the left branch of the central bar and the Xiaohuangzhou transition section;and significantly improved navigation conditions,with the channel dimensions stably achieving the design targets.The research findings provide a scientific basis for evaluating the effectiveness of waterway regulation in complex anabranched river reaches.
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SUN Guohong, HU Peng, FAN Hongxia, QU Xindong
2026(3):170-177
Abstract:
In mountainous rivers,dredging is frequently employed to increase channel depth.However,long-distance channel excavation often induces water level degradation,thereby altering originally designed navigable water levels.Research on variations in navigable water levels is carried out based on analysis of measured hydrological data and numerical simulation.The results indicate that,for the Qujiang and Lanjiang waterways,the designed minimum navigable water level adopts a 98% guarantee rate.After 2010,the water level with a 98% guarantee rate decreased slightly by 0.14 m,still maintaining a 0.34 m margin compared with the current designed minimum navigable water level in this section.The designed maximum navigable water level is determined as the water level corresponding to the flow rate that ensures the safe navigation of ships.The maximum navigable flow rate of the Lanjiang River is 5,340 m3/s,with a corresponding water level of 27.6 m.During the same period,the designed maximum navigable water level at the Lanxi hydrological station dropped by 1.0 m.Under the condition of the same flow rate,the water level decrease has caused an increase in longitudinal flow velocity in the channel section of bridge zones,which is unfavorable to the navigation safety of ships.The class III channel improvement project involves a dredging length of 40 km.After the project,the maximum water level drop at the downstream approach channel of Yaojia lock is about 0.1 m,while the water level at Lanxi hydrological station (the terminal of the dredging section) remains basically unchanged.
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2026(3):178-185
Abstract:
Addressing the bottlenecks of low efficiency and insufficient accuracy stability in traditional tide gauge measurements,and the insufficient for power and endurance of unmanned survey vessel (USV) during inland channel dredging projects in Sichuan Province caused by complex hydrological conditions such as swift currents and fluctuating water levels,we systematically investigate a non-tide-gauge underwater topographic surveying method and its precision control techniques.The method integrates mobile vessel-mounted RTK (real-time kinematic) with echo sounders,using the lower reaches of the Minjiang River as a representative case study.By establishing a collaborative platform integrating the RTK real-time positioning system with digital echo sounders,and applying key technologies such as real-time sound velocity correction,precise control of instrument verticality,optimisation of multi-region coordinate transformation parameters for survey areas,and dynamic regulation of vessel speed and attitude,we thoroughly identify critical error sources affecting measurement accuracy under complex hydrological conditions,and propose a multi-dimensional accuracy control strategy.The findings demonstrate that the non-tidal gauge survey mode exhibits significant technical advantages and engineering applicability in rapid-flow and non-steady-flow bathymetric scenarios.It provides high-precision,high-efficiency surveying technical support for the similar conditions,while also offers crucial practical reference for the development and application of intelligent USV.
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2026(3):186-190
Abstract:
The main channel of the Yangtze River is characterized by numerous shoals,making the maintenance and dredging of the waterway a year-round task with numerous locations and points,posing great difficulties.To address the challenge of determining the appropriate timing for maintenance and dredging of the main channel of the Yangtze River,a study is conducted on the calculation method for the timing of maintenance and dredging in pebble (sand-pebble) river reaches of the main channel of the Yangtze River.By adopting methods such as theoretical analysis,experience summarization and field investigation,this study defines the dredging timing of the main channel of the Yangtze River,clarifies the key influencing factors of maintenance dredging timing for the pebble (sand-pebble) reaches,and establishes the principle of “precision-smoothness-unimpededness” for determining the dredging timing of channel maintenance.Furthermore,based on the laws of riverbed scouring and deposition,maintenance and dredging volume,post-floodwater level recession process,and construction efficiency of dredging vessels,a calculation formula for the theoretical optimal dredging timing in pebble (sand-pebble) river reaches of the main channel of the Yangtze River is established.The research results provide a calculation method for determining the dredging timing of the main channel of the Yangtze River,and can offer technical support for the design of channel maintenance and dredging.
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QI Lianyong, LI Qiusheng, YANG Yuping
2026(3):191-198
Abstract:
Since the Danjiangkou Reservoir impoundment,flow and sediment conditions in the wandering reach of the Hanjiang River’s middle and lower reaches have changed significantly,weakening waterway stability.On the basis of long-term reservoir impoundment data and measured topographic data of the 110 km reach from Nianpanshan (Yanshantou Dam site) to Zhengjinmiao,we systematically analyze the variation patterns of flow-sediment characteristics,evolution trends of shoals,and navigation obstruction features in this reach.The results show that from 1988 to 2012,the Shizikou shoal section has a cumulative scouring volume of 12.7235 million m3,with the bank-full channel widening,the main channel scouring up to 10 m deep.Meanwhile,the side bars and mid-channel bars experiences frequent erosion and deposition;the phenomena of cutoff and alternating evolution of branched channels are prominent,leading to drastic changes in the shoals and bars.This makes waterway conditions extremely unstable,with frequent navigation channel shifts and severe hindrances.Accordingly,governance principles combining bar stabilization-bank protection with medium-low flow regulation are proposed,with a method to determine regulation parameters.The minimum designed navigable discharge downstream of the Nianpanshan Hydro-junction is determined as 445 m3/s.
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YIN Binyong, JI Panjia, LI Chaojun, XIA Boyu
2026(3):199-204
Abstract:
Regarding the severe wear problem of the QU80 main rail in the gate slot of the ship lock working valve,an analysis of the specific wear condition is conducted.Studies are performed on several technical repair solutions,including complete replacement of the main rail,modification of the main wheel dimensions,surfacing welding on the rail tread,and plate welding onto the rail tread.A comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis is conducted using a comparison method to evaluate various factors such as material selection,repair techniques,and operational performance.This analysis determined that the plate welding repair solution for the rail tread is the optimal choice.Specific process requirements for the plate welding repair solution are elaborated.The results show that by using wire-cut QU80 heavy rails to solve the problem of the unavailability of suitable materials on the market and implementing segmented plate welding to prevent the detachment or obstruction during the entire welding process,the severe wear repair of the QU80 main rail is handled quickly,effectively,and economically.This provides a valuable reference for addressing similar problems in other ship locks of the same type.Additionally,it is recommended that during ship lock maintenance,timely inspection of the wear condition of the QU80 main rail on working valves should be emphasized.Repair should be undertaken promptly when the wear exceeds 5 mm.
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LIU Guorui, QIAO Rulin, WU Yunhai, YANG Zhengjun, DONG Daowu
2026(3):205-211
Abstract:
A new type eco-friendly dredging equipment has been developed,which can increase slurry concentration and effectively curb slurry diffusion during excavation.Regarding the performance laws of excavation output and slurry diffusion under different key operation parameters,there is currently no applicable research method that can be used for quantitative evaluation.Systematic research on the equipment’s dredging characteristics has been carried out via physical modeling tests.Test conditions are designed using the multi-factor method,repeated tests are carried out to ensure the reliability of the data,and comparative tests without the eco-cover are also conducted to verify the eco-friendliness.The flow rate and slurry concentration are measured to determine the excavation output,and the turbidimeter is used to assess slurry diffusion situation.After comprehensive statistical analysis of the data,it is found that compared with conventional cutter operations,the dredging equipment raises slurry concentration by more than 136% and prevents over 90% of slurry diffusion.Engineering trial excavation tests also show that it has excellent high-concentration excavation performance and eco-friendly performance.
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WANG Qianxing, JIANG Liqing, MA Shunshun
2026(3):212-217
Abstract:
In response to the long-term submergence of the pile top in a pile supported wharf,the traditional cast-in-place method for pile caps has long construction periods and difficult quality control.On the basis of a certain project,the research on prefabricated structures and construction technologies for prefabricated pile caps is conducted.Through the design of pre-embedded I-beam in the pile cap,the self bearing capacity of the pile body is utilized to solve the dependence of pile cap construction on the bottom formwork and temporary support system,simplifying the construction process.By designing the pile core reinforcement cage with “steel bars+section steel”,the vertical extension of the top pile core reinforcement cage of the inclined pile into the cavity of the prefabricated pile cap is achieved,strengthening the connection strength.By using steel clamps to seal the bottom of the grouting and designing reserved grouting and drainage holes,efficient sealing grouting underwater is achieved,enhancing the overall structural integrity.The application results show that the structure and construction technology effectively overcome the influence of tidal water level,significantly reduce the difficulty and quality risks of underwater construction,shorten the construction period by about 65%,and save about 25% of manpower.
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2026(3):218-222
Abstract:
In reclamation projects,the construction of containment bund in areas with silt or silty soil often faces technical challenges such as insufficient foundation bearing capacity and slow drainage consolidation,leading to poor stability and difficulties in formation.Traditional methods typically require pre-treatment and reinforcement of the containment bund foundation,which involve issues such as prolonged construction periods,complex processes,and high costs.To effectively solve these problems,a new bamboo-wood truss partition containment bund structural system is studied,specifically designed for water-rich,low-strength silty soil conditions.Through the establishment of a finite element model,a systematic numerical analysis is conducted to evaluate its structural safety,overall stability,and deformation control capabilities under soft foundation conditions.The system is validated by the case studies of the No.9 and No.10 general berths project in Huanghua Port comprehensive port area and the Benin Ahime Lake dredging project.The results demonstrate that the bamboo-wood truss partition containment bund structure significantly enhances overall stability and reduces project costs.In practical applications,this system reduces project costs by approximately 20% compared to traditional methods,while also exhibiting excellent adaptability and environmental performance.This structural system provides an economical,efficient,and reliable solution for reclamation containment bund projects in weak geological environments,holding significant promotional value.
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2026(3):223-230
Abstract:
To address the challenges of high vessel traffic volume,the conflict between navigation and simultaneous construction operations,and the limited capacity of dumping areas along the deep-water channel of the Yangtze River Estuary,this study proposes and implementes a grid-based operation model for channel maintenance and dumping area management,aiming to enhance channel maintenance efficiency and ensure sustainable utilization of dumping areas.The methodology involves grid-based division of shallow areas combined with longitudinal strip allocation to optimize the operational scope and precision of trailing suction hopper dredgers.Concurrently,dynamic sub-zoning management of dumping areas is implemented,incorporating regular bathymetric monitoring and temporary no-dumping zones to ensure uniform and safe sediment disposal.The results show that a 10% improvement in targeted dredging efficiency,with sediment dissipation rates in dumping areas approaching 100% and the water depth is stable at over 9 meters,while achieving zero disposal-related accidents.The grid-based operations effectively resolve the dual challenges of efficient channel maintenance under complex hydrodynamic conditions and limited disposal capacity through refined spatial management and dynamic scheduling.This study provides valuable technical references for intelligent maintenance of similar estuary waterways and supports the strategic role of the Yangtze River Estuary channel in regional economic development.Future research could further enhance the adaptive capabilities of grid-based technology through integration with intelligent dredging equipment and real-time data platforms.
2026 Issue 3
Perspective
Comprehensive
Port
Waterway and Navigation Strucure
Construction
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XIE Libo, SU Lei, WANG Jianfeng, WANG Yuanxin, BI Jianwei, LING Xianzhang
2025(2):27-35
Abstract:
Wave is the main environmental load for pile-supported wharf (PSW) in deep water area.Investigating the dynamic response characteristics of PSW-seabed system under wave action is the basis of dynamic design for deep water port.In this paper,a 3D finite element model of wave-PSW-seabed is established by ADINA.Pore water pressure and acceleration of seabed around pile,deck displacement,as well as dynamic water pressure time history of pile shaft under wave action are obtained.The dynamic response characteristics of the PSW-seabed system are analyzed,and the influence of the changing wave period on the dynamic response of this system is discussed.The numerical simulation results show that:1) there is no cumulative effect on pore pressure around pile under wave action;2) Dynamic water pressure of middle pile is significantly greater than that of the side pile;3) Amplitudes of seabed pore pressure,seabed acceleration,and dynamic water pressure attenuate along the wave propagation,and the smaller wave period,the more significant the attenuation effect.The modeling technique involved in this study can provide reference for similar PSW numerical simulation under wave action,and the investigation results can provide support for dynamic design of PSW-seabed system.
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LIU Lu, SHI Youren, LU Xiaodong, CAO Huijiang
2025(2):157-163
Abstract:
The riverway conditions of the Huangpu River are complicated with many river bends,while Lujiazui Bend owns the largest curvature together with the smallest turning radius of the waterway among all the river bends of Huangpu River.With the rapid growth of the number of navigable ships in the Huangpu River,the silting of the beach near the convex bank of the Lujiazui Bend has a certain influence on the safe navigation of passing ships in recent years.Viewing platforms,regarded as urban reception halls of Shanghai,are set along Luijiazui Bend.Adverse impacts will be resulted from safety incidents in case.Therefore,we analyze the hydrological and sediment characteristics of Lujiazui Bend of Huangpu River,and historical changes of river regime as well as navigation characteristics of ships and surrounding restrictions,and propose the waterway layout and regulation measures in Lujiazui.The results show that cutting and widening the convex bank shoals on the east side of Lujiazui can slove the narrow problem of navigable waters of the bend,and improve the bend navigation environment for ships.
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CHENG Lixing, GU Yong, LIANG Xin, HAO Yuchi
2025(2):184-190
Abstract:
Scour protection is one of the important issues that need to be faced in the design and maintenance of dock pile foundations.This article explores the feasibility of using solidified soil for pile foundation erosion protection,that is,using engineering construction soil to add suitable solidification agents to form solidified soil,covering the scouring area of bridge piers in an appropriate way,enhancing the anti erosion performance of the bed surface,and thus playing a protective role.This article conducted targeted physical model experiments and numerical simulations on the flowability,shear strength,and erosion resistance of different solidified soil formulations.The experimental results show that the collapse diameter of solidified soil increases with the increase of soil to water ratio,and the fluidity of solidified soil decreases rapidly with time.The shear strength of solidified soil slowly increases over time,and as the ash to soil ratio increases,the strength of solidified soil will also increase accordingly.The overall resistance of solidified soil to water flow erosion is good,and it can be used as a new type of erosion protection material.In underwater environments,the strength of solidified soil also increases over time,and its durability is good.
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XIE Yuxuan, WANG Guangsheng, YU Tong, GUAN Dawei
2025(2):17-26
Abstract:
The modern coastal protection systems place higher demands on the crest elevation and permeable of breakwaters.A three-dimensional numerical wave flume based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations is established to investigate the wave force of submerged perforated semi-circular breakwaters under the action of shallow water waves.The results indicate that there is a phase difference between the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the submerged semi-circular breakwater,with the critical sliding moment generally corresponding to the moment of maximum shoreward horizontal force.As the perforation rate increases from 0% to 25%,the dimensionless maximum shoreward and seaward horizontal forces on the submerged semi-circular breakwater decrease by 27.8% and 39.8%,respectively.With decreasing wave period and increasing submergence depth,the seaward sliding force on the submerged semi-circular breakwater increases.Empirical formulas provide conservative estimates for the total force on unperforated semi-circular breakwaters under long-period waves and extreme submergence conditions,and further overestimate the wave forces on submerged perforated semi-circular breakwaters.
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FU Xuhui, GONG Huiling, HE Jinglin, TANG Rongling, ZHANG Bo
2025(2):110-118
Abstract:
In recent years,with the rapid development of shipping economy,waterway regulation projects are frequent in the Yangtze River basin.Although waterway regulation projects can improve flow conditions,they also have a certain impact on fish habitat.To explore the impact of different waterway regulation projects on fish habitat,we take Luoqi Reach of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as an example,and use numerical simulation method to compare and analyze the changes of habitat suitability of Four Major Chinese Carps before and after the waterway regulation project from the perspective of ecology and hydraulics.The results show that after the waterway regulation project,the very suitable area ratio of fish habitat increases by 1.21% at most,and the unsuitable area ratio decreases by 1.85% at most.Moreover,with the increase of water level and flow,the sub channel upstream of Luoqi will produce a suitable habitat environment for survival.
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2025(2):164-171
Abstract:
After the 175 m water storage operation of the Three Gorges project,the scale of Jiulongpo to Chaotianmen reach cannot meet planning requirements.During the sedimentation period,the sediment is washed up and down,and the erosion is not timely,causing shallow navigation obstruction in the channel.The channel regulation of this reach is carried out from 2016 to 2020 to improve the channel scale of the engineering reach and curb the adverse development of channel conditions.After the completion of the project,the improvement effect is analyzed through regular observation.The results show that the river regime in the engineering reach is stable,the scale of the channel is significantly improved,and the unfavorable development trend is curbed,resulting in effective improvement of the channel conditions,achieving the goal of channel regulation.
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LIU Xiaobin, WU Xiaolei, WU Peng
2025(2):1-8
Abstract:
The Canal Economic Zone represents an economic form that tightly integrates shipping economy with regional economy,serving as a significant measure to provide shipping support for the country’s new development pattern of “dual circulation”.Addressing issues such as unclear definition of the Canal Economic Zone,insufficient theoretical foundation,unclear operational logic,and unsystematic overall understanding,this article proposes the connotative characteristics of the Canal Economic Zone and a canal-oriented economic zone system.By employing interdisciplinary research,qualitative analysis,and case study methods,it concludes that the core content of Canal Economic Zone planning is to comprehensively develop the regions along the canal,develop canal-related industrial systems,organize production factors around the canal,and guide the agglomeration of urban and rural populations,ultimately forming a banded territorial spatial layout.The research results show that Canal Economic Zone planning should focus on six key aspects:core industries,banded space,open mechanisms,green development,county economy,and government-enterprise cooperation,to establish a canal-oriented productivity organization and territorial spatial layout model.
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ZHU Zhengtao, JIANG Qingrong, HUANG Dong, LI Haibin, CHEN Xinchi
2025(2):72-80
Abstract:
Taking a dock project on the left bank of the Beijiang River as an example,the finite volume method is used to establish the one-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the 37.0 km long section of the Shaoguan (II) hydrological station to Mengli hydropower station,and the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the 4.6 km long section of the project.A quantitative study is conducted on the differences in flood level,flow velocity distribution,and flood storage capacity of river channels under different construction schemes.The results show that when the flood frequency ranges from once every 50 years to once every 10 years,the increment of flood level is lower than 0.02 m under different schemes.The changes in flow velocity and pattern are mainly concentrated in the local river section from 100 m upstream to 260 m downstream of the dock.However,the changes in high flow velocity areas of the river are relatively small,as well as the changes in the dynamic axis of the main channel.Meanwhile,the actual flood storage capacity of the river has increased under the action of dredging in the harbor.From the perspective of flood safety and cargo safety,scheme 2 is a recommended plan,and relevant research methods can provide scientific reference for similar dock construction plans.
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ZHOU Jingxiang, PAN Haitao, CHEN Yongjian, YAN Qiang, WANG Yulong, WANG Chaoliang, ZHANG Zhisen, WANG Shuai
2025(2):9-16
Abstract:
Pinglu Canal is the key project of the Western Land-Sea New Corridor,and building an efficient,intelligent,green,and resilient canal is an important component of the construction of Pinglu Canal with high standard and high-quality.By planning the overall architecture of the smart canal and combining the characteristics and needs of the construction and operation management of Pinglu Canal,the smart construction and management system is proposed as a typical application scenario including “full process integration and coordination of construction and management,full cycle digital twin of progress management,full process simulation and regulation of quality management,all-around early warning and prevention of safety management,and full-link monitoring and early warning of green management”,as well as the typical application scenarios of the smart operation system,including “one-net efficient coordination of operation management,one-body seamless coordination and linkage of operation and dispatch,one-map scientific and intelligent management of locks and maintenance,one-click coordinated and connected emergency response,and one-station efficient and convenient logistics services”.Furthermore,we summarize the innovative technical features of the digital twin Pinglu Canal from five aspects of “full-factorial three-dimensional perception,full-process digital twin,full-process simulation and simulation,all-around intelligent services,and full-technology self-developed and controllable”,which can provide reference for the construction of similar smart port and navigation projects.
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2025(2):150-156
Abstract:
In response to the comprehensive characteristics of multiple branching and large flow of the Heishazhou waterway,as well as the complex flow of the tidal river section in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,the hydrological observation data are analyzed and summarized.Combined with the on-site practical work of the second phase of waterway regulation project construction,in-depth research is conducted on surface velocity and flow direction measurement,gradient observation,hydrological section measurement,etc.in hydrological observation.Modern new equipment and technology are used to optimize the layout of hydrological sections and water gauge positions,efficiently organize and implement,improve work efficiency,and obtain complete and detailed hydrological observation data.This method effectively solves the problems existing in the hydrological observation of the tidal reach of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and provides reliable basic data for the project design,construction and related thematic research.The research results can provide reference for similar projects.
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LIU Mingwei, ZHANG Siqi, WU Linjian, LI Huijiuyuan, DI Yutao, DAI Chuan
2025(2):51-62
Abstract:
To ensure the long-term operational safety of frame-structure vertical wharfs in inland waterways,it is crucial to conduct monitoring and inspection of their service performance.The placement and scheme of monitoring sensors directly affect the accuracy and reliability of monitoring results.Therefore,sensors should ideally be positioned within the structural load sensitive areas.However,due to the complexity of frame-structure vertical wharfs and the large number of load combinations,the locations and distributions of structural load sensitive areas under the most adverse load combinations remain unclear.To address this issue,this study,based on a large inland hub port,establishes a three-dimensional numerical simulation model of a frame-structure vertical wharf segment.By developing an algorithm to identify the most adverse load combinations for critical structural components,the most adverse load combinations for each component are determined.On this basis,the distribution patterns of load response points and the ranges of sensitive areas under the most adverse load combinations are identified by using finite element numerical simulation.The results indicate that under complex load combinations,steel components of frame-structure vertical wharfs exhibit greater load sensitivity compared to concrete components.The sensitive areas of steel components are primarily located at the junctions of high and low water levels and the cantilever ends of the front-row steel mooring structures.This study addresses issues such as redundancy and ineffectiveness in monitoring point placement,providing a theoretical basis for the deployment of monitoring sensors in inland hub port wharfs.
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LIU Meimei, YING Zongquan, LI Jiamin, ZHAO Juan, LIANG Zihao
2025(2):45-50
Abstract:
To accurately evaluate the bending capacity of corroded reinforced concrete beam,we take three corroded reinforced concrete beams of prototype members as research objects,carry out the bearing capacity test and simulation analysis,and put forward a simplified calculation method for bearing capacity of corroded reinforced concrete beam with modified code.By using this method,the average cross-section corrosion ratio of all the steel bars in the same section can be converted from the corrosion ratio of one or several steel bars detected in the field,which can be used to calculate the strength utilization coefficient of the corroded steel bars,and solve the problem of inaccurate calculation of the bearing capacity when the cross-section corrosion ratio of the steel bar is greater than 10%.
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2025(2):81-88
Abstract:
Among the four major systems in automated terminals- seaside loading and discharging,horizontal transportation,yard handling,landside collection and distribution-the yard handling system presents the greatest difference across terminals.The Chinese port industry continues to innovate in yard layouts,based on the “vertical layout + end interaction” mode and the “horizontal layout + gate control” mode,introducing innovative transfer modes as well as “vertical layout + U-shaped channel” design.Through data gathering from automated terminals with varied yard configurations that have been put into operation,this study analyzes the characteristics of different yard layouts in terms of key indicators such as safety,land utilization rate,operational efficiency,automation level and energy consumption per TEU.It explores the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for the layout of automated terminals,providing a thorough and impartial assessment of various layout patterns to guide the construction and operation of automated terminals.The study also discusses the yard layouts for currently envisioned automated terminals.The research results have reference value for the layout planning and design of new automated terminal yards and the automation upgrading or renovation of traditional terminals.
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SHANGGUAN Yifei, HE Jinchao, XIE Feng, YUAN Hao, ZHAO Jiang
2025(2):142-149
Abstract:
The Mangdantan channel,consisting of three continuous branches,locates in the middle and lower reaches of the Nujiang River with bad flow condition.To investigate the natural navigation obstruction characteristics in Mangdantan continuous branching channel,the influence of different discharges in normal and dry period on the flow diversion,gradient,water depth condition and current speed distribution are numerically analyzed by the two-dimensional planar hydrodynamic model.The results show that the natural navigation obstruction characteristics include large gradient,insufficient water depth and rapid current speed.In addition,the flow condition in the branches R1-L2-L3 is better than those in the branches R1-R2-L3,therefore the branches R1-L2-L3 are suggested to be developed as the navigation channel.The research results can provide technical support and theoretical guidance for the regulation of Mangdantan and the channel development of similar continuous branching rivers.
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YAO Hongcheng, XU Yanwen, ZHANG Wei, JI Xiaomei, HUANG Liming, WANG Xiaoguang, WU Yao
2025(2):36-44
Abstract:
Tidal asymmetry exerts an influence on nearshore material transportation and geomorphic evolution.Based on the Delft 3D FM,a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model is employed to establish the tidal movement simulations of Lingding Bay under the conditions of 1 970 s,2 010 s and the 2016 governing guideline shoreline.The response of tidal asymmetry to the seaward advancement of the shoreline in this area is analyzed by combining the reconciliation analysis and the skewness calculation method.Furthermore,the mechanism underlying tidal asymmetry change is examined by analyzing the contribution of different tidal constituent combinations.The research results show that the tidal height asymmetry between spring and neap tides in Lingding Bay varies.The seaward advance of the shoreline strengthens the flood tide dominance in tidal asymmetry.The seaward extension of the shoreline increases the tidal amplitude of the shallow water components while reducing the amplitude of the astronomical components,concurrently accelerating the tidal wave propagation speed.The contribution of the astronomical tidal components to tidal asymmetry gradually decreases upstream,whereas the contribution of the shallow water tidal components gradually increases.
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Impact of Mujing first-lane ship lock discharge pattern on flow conditions in lower approach channel
WANG Zhaobing, GUO Tingting, ZHOU Xidong, HU Ruichang, YUAN Hao
2025(2):127-134
Abstract:
In the context of the double-lane ship locks sharing approach channel project,unsteady flow is prone to occur in the approach channel during lock discharge,causing turbulence in the flow field inside the approach channel,seriously affecting the safety of ship navigation and docking in the approach channel.Taking Mujing ship lock as an example,based on the RNG k-ε turbulent flow model,the navigation hydraulic characteristics of the approach channel are numerically simulated,and the unsteady navigation conditions inside the second-lane lock and the approach channel are analyzed during the discharge of the first-lane ship lock.The results show that when both sides of the first-lane ship lock release water simultaneously,the flow velocity in the approach channel does not meet the requirements of ship navigation and docking,and the formation of reflux,oblique and transverse flow patterns at the front of the separation dike of the second-lane ship lock affects the safety of ships entering and exiting the second-lane ship lock.After adopting the recommended side discharge method,the flow pattern in the approach channel has been improved,and the navigation flow conditions meet the requirements of safe navigation.The research results can provide a solution for the discharge method of double-lane ship locks.
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SU Shiding, XU Xiong, ZHANG Bo, LYU Shuhui
2025(2):197-202
Abstract:
Coral reef sand,due to its special engineering properties such as fragility and high compressibility,differs from conventional sand.During impact pile driving,the process can easily cause complex changes in coral reef sand particles,such as breakage and shear,leading to pile running.Unanticipated pile running,especially over long distances,not only increases the difficulty of pile driving control but also poses high construction risks.Therefore,there is an urgent need for an analysis method to predict the depth of pile running in deep coral sand formations to guide pile driving control and reduce construction risks.In this paper,high strain pile tests are conducted in deep coral reef sand formations based on actual engineering scenarios.The analysis of soil resistance values in pile running conditions in coral reef sand is carried out,and a method for predicting the distance of pile running in coral reef sand formations is proposed.Furthermore,the pile driving control method that considers the risk reduction of pile running is proposed,and it is applied to 602 driven piles on-site for risk prediction of pile running and pile driving control,and the laws of pile diving in coral reef sand stratum are summarized.
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ZHANG Qiyi, MENG Xiangfei, CHEN Kai, GUO Dongqi
2025(2):178-183
Abstract:
High pile structure is a kind of structure widely used in port and coast.Its dynamic response under wave action is the key factor to ensure the stable operation of the wharf.The software ABAQUS is used to build a three-dimensional wharf model and a wave flume with STAR-CCM+.The k-ε turbulence model and volume of fluid (VOF) motion interface tracking method are used to simulate waves,and the simulation of bidirectional coupling between wharf pile groups and waves is realized.Since the ratio of pile spacing to pile diameter is greater than 4,the interaction between piles does not need to be considered,and the error of the comparison model test is less than 5%,which can meet the requirements.The results show that the maximum force and displacement of the wharf pile groups under wave heights of 0.3 m,0.4 m,and 0.5 m can meet the code requirements.The displacement at the top of the pile is the largest,which is 0.66 mm.The maximum stress occurs at the bottom of the front row of piles in the pile group,which is 152.4 kPa.The concrete in the pile bottom area is prone to instability and failure,and special attention should be paid in practical engineering.
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LIU Zuofei, ZHU Binhua, FAN Shugang
2025(2):172-177
Abstract:
Research and practice on maintenance and dredging engineering are conducted to address the navigation obstacles faced by the Xiaziliang shoal section of the Three Gorges Reservoir’s variable backwater area during dry season,such as bends,narrowness,rapidity,and danger.It is found that the overall trend of this beach section is slow and continuous sedimentation by collecting a large amount of historical measured data and comparing and analyzing the changes in isobaths and erosion and sedimentation over the years.On the basis of the waterway conditions and water characteristics of this river section,the construction equipment and the water level are compared,and a reasonable maintenance and dredging plan is formulated.Implementation results of the project indicate that the maintenance and dredging project can improve the conditions of the waterway,expand navigable waters,and reduce the difficulty of ship operation,thereby ensuring the smoothness and safety of the waterway.
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MENG Xiangyong, XUE Guodong, CAO Baojie, GAO Ruichao, MENG Xiankuo, WANG Hongwei, LIU Shixing
2025(2):191-196
Abstract:
multi-beam echo sounder system is used to monitor short-term erosion and sedimentation changes in the offshore area of the logistics park embankment in Binhai Port.It is found that there is an east-west oriented scour hole on the outer side of the embankment corner,which is about 570 m long and 110 m wide,and its edge has reached the bottom of the embankment,posing significant safety hazards.Through the analysis of monitoring data from May to November 2023,it is found that the edges of the scour hole continues to erode and showed no signs of slowing down.The research results provide accurate data support for subsequent embankment projects.The multi-beam echo sounder system can accurately identify the spatiotemporal changes in underwater topography,offering effective reference for similar embankment deformation monitoring.
