Abstract:Based on the geospatial characteristics of waterways and the codes and processes for the design of waterways,we build a waterway-aided design platform on the framework of the ArcGIS by developing several key technogies.Equipped with universal tools such as water depth data identification and topographic coordinate transformation,the platform system can provide multiple design functions including analysis of physical conditions and riverbed evolution,calculation of channel dimensions,line selection and layout,and can implement integrated management of fundamental waterway data and design results,thus preliminarily gaining the synergy between various specialties of the waterway design and achieving the goals to improve the standardization level and efficiency of the waterway design.

Abstract:In view of the saturation tendency of ships in the Yangtze Estuary deepwater channel,we carry out a preliminary study on the construction of the Yangtze Estuary intelligent waterway.Adopting IOT monitoring and safety early-warning technologies,and adding some sensor facilities,space-time information data system and information cloud platform based on existing conditions,we construct the Yangtze Estuary intelligent waterway,which is of great significance for the improvement of the traffic efficiency and capacity of the Yangtze Estuary deep-water channel.

Abstract:In order to better analyzing emerging the Yangtze River Delta region’s main ports competition of foreign trade container source,under the condition of port hinterland partly overlapped,we establish a more adaptable exponent network flow assignment to find out the minimum freight according to the hinterland container transport network which is on the basis of the harbor oriented parameter.Based on this theoretical research,we obtain the container flow assignment model which is more suitable for the development of ports in the Yangtze River Delta region.We also provide a more effective forecasting method for the prediction of the foreign container throughput of major ports in this area.

Abstract:This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional structure of front sheet pile and high pile caps.Aiming at the durability and economy of concrete sheet pile and steel sheet pile,an improved scheme is put forward,which is a composite structure of front sheet pile and high pile caps.The calculation model of composite structure is established by using the method of vertical elastic foundation beam,and the optimization method of concrete pile force under internal force calculation using finite element software SAP2000 is explained.A wharf in Shanghai is taken as an example to verify the practicability and accuracy of model calculation of composite structure of front sheet pile and high pile caps.

Abstract:There are many empirical formulas of local scour depth around regulation structure at present，but the scope of application is small，and the calculating result is out of line with the actual situation.To solve the problem，this paper deduces the general scour depth formula from mechanism,corrects the formula and determines the relevant parameters according to the actual situation.The results show that local scour depth around regulation structure is related to water depth before project,the velocity amplitude before and after engineering,turbulence intensity of flow and the adjustment of flow,etc.The parameters of k,λ and n in the scour formula have a great influence on the calculation result.The correction formula has some advantages over the standard formula.

Abstract:The transverse velocity formula of Engelund has been widely used internationally because it is strong theoretical.But improper assumptions were adopted when dealing with the bottom boundary conditions,which leads to the bad application to rough bed surface for the formula.This paper amended the slip velocity and then proposed the new form of transverse turbulent shear stress on the bed surface,and joined them together into the calculation of bottom boundary condition.By all of the efforts,the new transverse velocity formula which can be used in both rough and smooth bed surface was produced.The improved formula has universal applicability,and the calculated value is more consistent with the measured data than the previous formula.

Abstract:Based on Navier-Stokes equations to describe the motion of incompressible fluid,the volume of fluid (VOF)method is adopted to track the free surface.In the second development of FLUENT,the source term expression of each functional area is added to the momentum equation to realize the momentum source wave and the wave elimination.In this paper,the flow field and wave pressure of the different sections of the anti-wave wall under the action of second-order Stokes wave are simulated,and the calculated results are compared with the physical model test data,and the results are in good agreement.Comparing the results of the numerical calculation of the wave pressure of the vertical and curved walls,it can be found that the maximum pressure on the arc wall is significantly greater than the vertical wall in the case of the same water level and the wave elements,and the maximum pressure occurs in the arc part which should be strengthened in order to ensure the overall stability of arc crown wall.

Abstract:In order to fill the blank of technical support of BIM application in dredge engineering,the application demand analysis and standardization design process of this specialty are carried out.AutoCAD Civil3D 2017 is utilized as BIM software and secondary development is carried out on Autodesk platform using .Net programming language.The developed custom assemblies can help building information model for dredge engineering and significantly simplify repetitive work.Several results,like 3D model,multiple section views,construction drawings and 2D&3D quantities can be produced out of the BIM model automatically.It has been tested and proved in some practical engineering,which means BIM forward designing is successfully applied in dredge engineering.

Abstract:In view of problems concerning enterprise quota of domestic water transport engineering construction enterprises such as low utilization rate,low accuracy and low level of compilation,we carry out a research on the development of enterprise quota ,and compare it with that of the advanced construction enterprises abroad.Analyzing main factors restricting the development of the enterprise quota,we put forward some measures for the enterprise quota development including setting up of budget management department,data collection timeliness,dynamic data management,etc.to provide a theoretical basis for giving full play to the important role of the enterprise quota.

Abstract:Because of the influence of tide reserving,the widening rate of the tidal estuarine regulation line should be taken into consideration in the tidal estuary renovation project.There are many empirical formulae for calculating the widening rate,of which the tidal range and tide reserving coefficient are two key parameters,therefore the reasonable value of these parameters is critical.The theoretical analysis based on the basic formula derived from the widening rate formula shows that its more reasonable if the tide range value is set as the water-level difference during ebb process;as far as the renovation projects tide reserving coefficient is concerned,it is too simple to take 1.0 and 0.5 respectively in the high and moderate tidal levels proposed by the existing literature.We analyze the renovation project of the Guanhe Estuary and the north channel of the Yangtze Estuary,and the results show that the renovation projects tide reserving coefficient is not only related to the building altitude that is to be regulated,but also closely related to the layout of the renovation project.In some cases,the coefficient can be calculated by the empirical formula presented in this paper.Under complicated circumstances,the value of the coefficient is suggested to be determined in combination with the mathematical model or physical model.

Abstract:By comparison the determination methods of wave under-keel clearance for designing channel in different countries,we analyze the main factors of affecting the under-keel clearance,discuss the application range of the different methods with global wave factors distribution,and compare the influences of different wave factors by a specific example.The results show that the under-keel clearance is the function of wave height,wave direction and wave period in most methods.The under-keel clearance is proportional to the wave height,and the most unfavorable wave direction is 90°or around 45°.The under-keel clearance is increased with the wave period，and there is a maximum when the ship natural period is close to the encounter period.

Abstract:The Yangtze Estuary deepwater channel is an important channel for large sea vessels entering and leaving the main harbor area of Shanghai Port and the main port of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.With the rapid development of social and economic development in the hinterland and the development trend of large-scale ship,not only the number of ship ships increased in Yangtze Estuary deepwater channel,but also the trend of large-scale ship is beyond expectation.Based on the analysis of the existing navigational contradictions,ship characteristics and channel resources in the Yangtze River Estuary,we put forward the idea of using the slope of the channel to carry out the ultra-wide rendezvous,and analyze its adaptability and related safeguard measures.The use of slope natural water depth navigation improves the utilization ratio of the Yangtze Estuary 12.5 m deepwater channel,and implements the supply-side reform.It is great significance to carry out the implementation of the two major national strategies“the Yangtze Economic Zone” and “the Belt and the Road”,and to promote the construction of Shanghai international shipping center.

Abstract:Zhoushan Archipelago sea area has the complicated characteristics,such as many traffic crossings and navigable ship types,route crossing,complex tide flow and navigation condition.The method for planning bridge channel and determining navigation clearance scale is unique in this sea area.Taking Yushan Bridge as an example,we fully analyze the ship navigation data,and combine tidal current data by mathematics model of bridge construction and reclamation project.Through multi scheme comparison and route optimization,we apply ship simulation test,determine the navigable grade of bridge and the channel for bridge area,obtain and reasonable navigation clearance scale and layout of navigation hole.We provide important technical support for the design of bridges.

Abstract:Based on hydrological observation data in the North Passage of the Yangtze River,we apply three-dimensional numerical model to simulate saline wedge,water current,and sediment transportation.The results show that obvious differences exist between the sediment of surface and bottom layer,and the distribution of sediment is uneven vertically.Sediment is more likely to concentrate in the middle North Passage,due to saline wedge.At the same time,the distance from the upper North Passage to open seas is so long,that sediment could hardly be transported out of the North Passage during an ebb-tidal duration,which greatly increases the possibility for the sediment to transport cross the waterway.Especially,high-concentration sediment often silts in waterway when current changes direction with low velocity and long duration in the middle and lower North Passage.Even after the sediment is transported out of the North Passage,rotary current may carry part of the sediment back to the North Passage through Jiuduansha wetland and south jetty.This transport pattern happens repeatedly,which contributes to high sediment concentration in the North Passage.

Abstract:The Yangtze Estuary 12.5 m Deep-draft Channel has been available for navigation since March 2010.Despite its enormous economic and social contribution,the problem of back silting is outstanding.The siltation is mainly occurred in the North Passage which crosses the maximum turbidity zone of the Estuary and highly centralized by time and space.The channel middle part is the peak siltation segment.Meanwhile,most of the siltation appears in flood season from June to November.Based on the hydrological data along the North Passage,it is analyzed that the spatial and temporal distribution and transport laws of tidal flow,sediment and salinity in the North Passage.It is revealed that the main reasons of siltation concentration in the channel middle part during flood season,and the sediment transport physical process during flood and ebb tide cycle is put forward.

Abstract:Channel siltation observation has been carried out since the construction period of the first phase of the 300,000 DWT channel of Lianyungang Port.It is found that the situation of channel siltation is better than expected by the observation and research on 250,000 DWT waterway of Lianyun port and 50,000 ton of Xuwei Port.Siltation reduction effect at the entrance section of Qitai breakwater is very obvious.Combination of sediment sampling,topographic survey,wind and wave data,using mathematical model calculation,the study of the laws and the mechanism of the channel siltation are further deepened.It can provide the technical support for research and design of 300,000 DWT channel phaseⅡ project of Lianyungang Port.

Abstract:Sheyimen Channel is located in the northern sea area of Ningbo-Zhoushan Port.The channel uses the world’s largest ore ship as the design ship type,and it is the first 400，000 DWT channel designed and put into operation in China.Restricted by the islands,reefs and port layout,the channel flow condition is complicated,and navigation and berthing conditions are bad.Because the waterway condition is one of the most complicated navigable waters in Zhoushan,the design of the channel is very difficult.In this paper,we make a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics and difficulties of the channel,reasonable ship traffic organization and navigation mode are put forward,we optimize the channel design scheme by ship simulation tests,determine the window period of navigation by theoretical calculation and real ship testing,and obtain a real-time flow observation scheme during the test run.

Abstract:Branch selection for branching river is a common problem in inland channel construction,especially in large one,pros and cons of branch cannot be directly compared due to the huge investment,long-term effects on overall pattern of the reach and numerous factors involved.Taking the branch selection for 12.5 m-deep main channel in Fujiangsha Reach downstream the Yangtze River as an example,based on the analysis of the port adaptability,navigation risk,navigation interference,risk in construction and operation period,service level of waterway,anchorage convenience,investment and channel maintenance,we apply the CRITIC evaluation method to build the multi-target decision evaluation model.Based on the result of this model,we sort the branch selection options from good to bad,and validate the stability.The result shows that “Fuzhong one-way+ Fubei one-way” option is the best scheme for main deep-water channel in branch selection.

Abstract:Designed highest navigable water level has a direct impact on bridge reconstruction scheme.Based on the difficult situation of bridge reconstruction for inland channel in plain river network,we carry out some research on bridge reconstruction cases,characteristic of typical water level curve,current navigation situation of ship going through the bridge,bridge strike accidents,the development of navigation aids and management means in inland waterways,etc.We discuss the possibility of reducing the designed highest navigable water level,and propose a scheme which regards navigable guarantee rate as the base of the designed highest navigable water level,and the scheme is supplemented by a perfect traffic management system.This scheme can be used as a reference to the designed highest navigable water level in the plain river network area,which has a perfect navigation aids system and a high management level.

Abstract:In view of present problems in common revetments including material hardening,unitary basic function and poor ecological and environmental benefits in river regulation,this paper studies the ecological revetment technology.Based on the comparative analysis of the types,characteristics and functions of traditional revetments and new ecological ones,it reveals that the ecological revetment can not only play an important role in flood protection,waterlogging drainage,water diversion and shipping industry,but also functions in ecology,environmental protection,leisure and entertainment.

Abstract:In view of the problem that there is no unified criterion for the design of ecological revetment limbers,we carry out research on the parameter design method of ecological revetment limbers by means of theoretical analysis.Taking the distribution of wave energy as the breakthrough point,the calculation formula of wave height behind limbers is derived,and the simplification of engineering application for this formula is proposed.The design method of the parameters of the ecological revetment is presented,an engineering example verification is performed.The results show that the simplified method can meet the engineering precision demand and provide design thought for similar ecological revetment limbers engineering.

Abstract:In view of the impacts of the bridge’s span arrangement on the construction cost,engineering implementation,as well as the landscape,considering the characteristics of waterway construction and waterway-crossing bridge construction in Shanghai,and analyzing relevant requirements on the bridge’s span arrangement stipulated in the current codes,we explore a more reasonable way of ridge’s span arrangement and get to know the condition for the pier installation in water,so as to provide reference for the code modification.

Abstract:The ship wave directly influences the reliability,economy and environmental protection of the revetment design.The systematic researches on it have been conducted by the domestic and international research institutions,but the existing study of ship wave is inappropriate to the inland waterway of Shanghai,because of the distinguishing feature of the inland waterway in Shanghai.In this paper,by means of the field observation,the mathematical model and statistical analysis,the mathematical formulas for the value of crests and troughs,and the protection depth of bank revetment are developed.It provides technical reference for the design on the inland river in Shanghai,and even the Yangtze River Delta Area.

Abstract:Since opening of the preliminary opening channel on the second phase of 12.5 m navigation channel project downstream of Nanjing in the Lower Yangtze River，the river regime remains stable generally,the navigation depth is improved gradually,and the dredging volume of channel maintenance meets expectations basically.Overall,the effect of channel regulation appears gradually.The increase of navigation channel depth attracts greatly large ships.The number of arriving ships more than 30,000 tons and ship draught deeper than 9.7 meters downstream of Nanjing in Lower Yangtze River increase remarkably.Furthermore,the ship carrying capacity and actual ship draught on the reaches between Nanjing and Nantong in the Lower Yangtze River also increase.The economic benefit of preliminary opening channel on the second phase of 12.5 m navigation channel project is remarkable.This paper analyzes the application effect of the AIS virtual beacons,navigation safety guarantee,as well as the maintenance mechanism of the navigation channel to provide a guidance and reference for the follow-up construction and maintenance of the second phase of 12.5 m navigation channel project downstream of Nanjing in the Lower Yangtze River.

Abstract:In recent years,a Y-shaped regulating structure has been applied in the waterway regulation project,which achieved good protecting beach effect.Based on the typical tidal branch channels of Baimao Sandbank segment in the lower Yangtze River,a mathematical model is established to study beach protection with Y-shaped regulating structure.The results show that the beach protection dike is generally placed near the edge of the protected beach,the length of the beach protection dike should cover the stoss side of the beach,and the elevation of the beach protection dike could be equal to the characteristic water level of tidal branching stream.The head submerged dike is generally placed along the ridge line,the length of the head submerged dike could extend to the protected low beach,which can be determined by choosing a stable contour line in the low beach based on years of historical terrain data,and the elevation of the head submerged dike will be able to satisfy the structural safety of buildings.

Abstract:In view of anti-collision facilities of bridge crossing inland waterway of Shanghai,we discuss the anti-collision system and calculation method of ship collision force.Combining with the characteristics of bridge crossing inland waterway with the latest anti-collision concepts,we analyze the anti-collision scheme and facility which are adaptable to the bridge crossing inland waterway.The result shows that there are fixed or floating anti-collision facility and anti-collision pier which are suitable for the bridge crossing inland waterway. If the construction condition of the two types of anti-collision facilities is not available,small specification buffer material is always adopted to protect the bridge pier,and fender pile is also a selection in the bridges which connect the Huangpu River with tributary.

Abstract:As the key section of dredging in the second phase of the 12.5 m deepwater channel of the Yangtze River below Nanjing city,North Fujiangsha waterway is easy to be affected by the erosion of the sand and the sand in the upper reaches of the Jingjiang shoal,and the changes of river regime are complex.Aiming at the difficulties in the turning area layout,mud line layout and bow blowing,we carry out a research on the construction condition,navigation regulations,construction efficiency,construction safety,as well as the economic rationality,etc.Combining theoretical calculation and practical construction experience,we put forward countermeasures,so as to optimize the north Fujiangsha waterway 12.5 m dredging scheme and meanwhile provide reference for the inland river dredging construction of the Yangtze River in the future.

Abstract:This paper firstly analyzes the historical and recent evolution of the Yangtze Estuary and Hengsha East Shoal.The Yangtze Estuary is generally stable recently and a dynamic balance is maintained for tideland resources under the application of silting-up and other solutions.This paper also analyzes the tideland changes before and after the implementation of Hengsha East Shoal regulation and utilization project.The accretion of peripheral tidal flats has contributed to improve the regional physical environment.However,the resources of -5 m shallow flats at Hengsha have a decreasing trend,it is advisable to carry out regulation works early possible and build up enclosing dikes in a controlled and appropriately phased manner,combining the use of dredged sediments and the requirement of keeping dynamic balance between tidal flats and wetland.

Abstract:In view of the problem of low stability of constructing the rubble-mound dike on soft silty subsoils,using long sand-filled bags,the whole stability of the rubble-mound dike increases through the reinforcement effect of geotextiles,in the same time the section area of the rubble-mound dike is reduced and the cost is saved.Taking the land formation works for Ningbo Daxie China Merchants International Container Terminal as a study case,this paper not only introduces the design methodology and characteristics in respect of the long sand-filled bags & rubble-mound dike structure on soft silty subsoils,but also describes its technical and economic advantages comparing with the conventional slope dike.

Abstract:In the design of sloping dike on silt foundation,drain consolidation,overburden layer and geobelt-reinforced cushion are effective solutions to solve the stability problem.The sloping dike in Pinghu Jiulong Mountain complement land-scape second-stage construction locates on silt foundation,with high elevation and steep slope of 1:3.5 in front of the dike.Overburden layer is not suitable under this condition.The stability of the dike can’t be solved economically through drain consolidation and geobelt-reinforced cushion.So,slope-resistant piles are used to improve the dike stability effectively and economically.

Abstract:Security and stability of the structure is priority in the dike engineering.The instability of dike would make economic loss or safety accidents.During the construction of the project of reclamation engineering in Zhoushan，slide of bagged-sand occurred when drainage sand quilt was laid.In this paper,the stability of sand quit is studied.By reviewing the geological survey data,and enumerating and eliminating all the stability factors,it is found that the surface mud is not explored and its physical and mechanical indexes are unknown,as well as the sparse sampling due to the inaccuracy of geological data.This paper gets the conclusion that the slide of bagged-sand is due to the composite factors,which are the lack of construction capability and incomplete geological survey.So this paper submits some construction scheme and summarizes experience and lessons from the case.

Abstract:In order to effectively use and integrate dredged materials into the port land formation works,a supporting dike of about 18 km long had been constructed in the Phase I of 300，000 DWT navigation channel development works at Lianyungang Port.The dike structure was made up of toe-shooting riprap dike and sandbag sloping dike,so these two different types of structure had to be connected properly during construction.This paper introduces the design solution of the connection between these two dikes as applied in the Phase I channel works,and accordingly presents the closure gap arrangement as well.

Abstract:Because of the shortage of construction materials,such as sand and gravel,it is hard to pursue the coastal reclamation project in Zhejiang,so it is very urgent to find a suitable alternative material.According to the local conditions,using the local materials,we study the application of the rich muddy resource on the intertidal zone,format a technology using bagged solidified soil to build embankment,which uses the mud on the intertidal zone for construction material instead of sand and gravel,with curing agent to fill bags as the embankment core to build embankment.Through the study of the engineering properties of solidified soil and stability of paged solidified soil dike under external load,combined with the built solidified soil dike experience,test and inspection data in Taizhou,put forward a reasonable calculation method to provide a reliable basis for design method of building embankment using solidified soil.

Abstract:For the deep-sea embankment,monitoring on the horizontal displacement of deep soil is necessary.The automatic survey technology can automatically monitor the sensor readings in a fixed time.If the monitoring interval is 48 minutes,i.e.the delay time of the tide,we can analyze the influence of tide on the horizontal displacement of deep soil in the embankment engineering.Based on the monitoring data of relevant indices of an embankment engineering in Zhejiang province,we find out the influence of the tide on the horizontal displacement of deep soil in the embankment engineering and its law,and put forward the applicable method and case study suitable for similar engineering.

Abstract:The reclamation space between the outer seawall foot to the inboard berm is not only the edge of land,but also the edge of water.It has a unique advantage to construct the coastal landscape outside the seawall and hydrophilic landscape combined with the river inside.The organic combination of protection forest and landscape inside the platform constructs the gold“green belt”for the leisure tourism.Based on Taizhou seawall ecological improvement project,we put forward the overall technical scheme for the improvement of the ecological embankment,focusing on analyzing impacts of planting shelter forest on the inner slope of seawall,and propose key technical parameters such as the elevation and scale of the planting platform,so as to provide reference for similar ecological seawall reconstruction projects.

Abstract:Tunneling engineering produces massive shield slurry,which needs to be treated efficiently.Through the research of water transportation and technology of mud blowing,harmless control,mixed hydraulic fill method and blending ratio,the system of transportation,disposition and control which consumes shield slurry in Hengsha reclamation project is established,and rational hydraulic fill ratio is proposed,which may serve as reference for the normalized disposition of similar projects.

Abstract:In the Yangtze River Estuary water area,the combination of the traditional tide and GPS-RTK water depth measurement method is used widely.But the existing tide level stations are unable to control the whole area,and RTK differential signal which cannot cover completely is restricted by distance.The precision of water depth measurement is low.The GPS-PPK technique has much superiority such as wider operating range,faster measurement speed,and higher positioning precision.It is not limited by radio transmission distance and communication network environment.Based on the accuracy test of different operating distance,the GPS-PPK technique has higher operational efficiency and accuracy than the combination of the traditional tide and GPS-RTK method.The new technique can be applied to the water depth measurement in the Yangtze River Estuary.

Abstract:The topography of inland waterways is complicated and changeable,and the traditional way of topographic survey is heavy workload and inefficiency.We apply the ship-borne 3D laser scanning system to get the large-scale terrain data.Taking an inland waterway as an example,we summarize the key steps in the digital mapping,and analyze the accuracy of the experiment using the verification point of collected by RTK.The results show that the precision of point cloud that is collected by ship-borne 3D laser scanning system is superior to 10 cm in plane and height,which satisfy the demands of large-scale mapping accuracy.

Abstract:Referring to Phase I project of 300,000 DWT navigation channel to Lianyungang Port,we analyze the causes from the aspects of external factors,human factors,technical factors and management factors in view of the common quality defects existed in dredging works,and put forward the preventive measures such as increasing the equipment input,innovating dredging technology,adjusting construction plans,strengthening personnel training and project management,etc.Good results are achieved in the Phase I project of 300,000 DWT navigation channel to Lianyungang Port.

Abstract:The bottom of the anti-collision bridge pier is placed below the perennial low water level in the waterway regulation work,so it is inapplicable to use conventional forward supporting system for the bottom formwork.We use the construction approach of lifting and placing the steel-wood integrated formwork into water by applying the reverse supporting system,and subsequently casting concrete in layers for the pier.A dry working platform can be created without building a cofferdam.The approach not only successfully solves the difficulties of underwater concrete casting and formwork removal,but also minimizes the execution impact on the normal traffic of vessels in the narrow and limited navigable waters.It is characterized by being easy to perform execution activities,highly safe and easy to control the accuracy of pier construction.

Abstract:At present,maintenance dredging has become one of the main ways of the conservation of inland waterways.Since most revetments on both sides of channels are old,it is difficult to collect complete data of revetments along channels.Therefore,maintenance dredging is necessary not only to improve the navigation conditions,but also to ensure the stability of the slope and the structural safety of buildings on both sides along channels,which are the key and difficult points in the design and construction of the maintenance dredging.Based on the experience of hundreds of inland waterway maintenance dredging projects implemented in Shanghai from 2010 to 2017,this paper summarizes the control measures for the slope stability during the maintenance dredging.

Abstract:From the perspective of elementary kinetic energy and momentum conservation as well as the certain assumptions,we analyze the correlations of construction parameters which may possibly be existed during the process of pile sinking by hammer,such as hammer mass and pile mass,energy of per blow and length of penetration,hammer mass and length of penetration,as well as hammering stress and length of penetration.The results show that:by calculating the hammer force and hammer stress,it is possible to choose the proper hammer type and hammering energy and ensure smooth pile sinking;the length of penetration that can be generated under the condition of rock (soil)is anticipated,and it can provide the basis for the penetration control standard of the pile sinking by hammer;combined with the length of penetration control standard,the energy consumption in the process of sinking is calculated,and the basis is provided for the standard of choosing hammer;according to the determined pile type and pile hammer,a reasonable pile cushion material is selected to play the best performance in the process of pile sinking by hammer.