The rich coal resources in China’s energy consumption determines the long-term dominant position of coal; The reverse distribution of coal resources and economic development degree leads to the transportation pattern of “West-to-East & North-to-South Coal Transport”; The formation,development and growth of industrial belts along the river and serious problem concerning environment and energy decide that the river transport will play a more and more important role. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and pattern of coal resource and endowment away in China, this paper proposes the coal transport pattern that East Inner Mongolia, Guizhou coal shall not be cross-area transported, energy golden triangle coal shall mainly keep “rail-ocean intermodal transport”, Xinjiang coal shall supply mainly central China area, to construct the coal transport pattern taking the Yangtze River trunk line as the frame and tributaries as the network, and realize a pattern of “North Loading and South Unloading”.