Based on the systematic collation and analysis of the economic and port development data since the reform and opening-up of China (from 1978 to 2010), we divided the economic development process of China into six phases, and discussed the different development characteristics of the six phases and their impacts on China’s coastal ports. Estimating the port development trend in the coming 20 years and forecasting the port throughput, we proposed that the inflection point of port throughput might occur in 2025. We also presented some views and suggestions on the development and construction of coastal ports in China.